those candidates would not have stayed in race as long as they did, would not have been viable candidates after losing several contests, in each case, without basically a billionaire or two backing them with checks as high as $500 million. and as a result, republican primary was much more prolonged than it would have been. romney and his friends had to spend much more money than expected defending him in those early months. and really the whole dynamic of what we were used to in early presidential politics where i will, new hampshire, south carolina got a nominee was sort of updated for a few weeks. since then, super pacs, when romney with the nomination, -- he'd relied heavily on super pacs through the summer months he was advertising. of course, this is not technically coordinated advertising, and trevor can speak of realities and fiction there. and it had some clear obvious positive affects of holding parity with the president as he unleashed an attack against romney this summer. but it also has shown to have weaknesses i think, and both campaigns will tell you this. the super pac adve